Not long ago I predicted that Ust'-Ishim belonged to a basal form of Y-chromosome haplogroup P (see here). As it turns out, the 45,000 year-old western Siberian genome belongs to K(xLT) or K-M526, which is actually pretty close to my guess. The Ust'-Ishim paper was published today and is sitting behind a paywall here, but the extensive supp info is free.
Here's a map to help visualize the information, featuring Ust'-Ishim as well as Mal'ta boy, another North Eurasian Upper Paleolithic genome published recently.
The Ust'-Ishim genome was sequenced from the fossil of a femur bone found on the right bank of the Irtysh River. This area is very close to the Urals, and almost in the middle of the former Mammoth steppe that once stretched across North Eurasia from Iberia to Alaska. Interestingly, M526 is an ancestral mutation to the markers that define Y-chromosome haplogroups N, Q and R, which possibly dominated North Eurasia since the Upper Paleolithic (note that the 24,000 year-old Mal'ta boy belongs to a basal form of R).
Moreover, R1a and R1b are the most frequent haplogroups in Europe today. Thus, it would seem that most European males derive their paternal ancestry from North Eurasian hunter-gatherers whose ancestors spread out across Eurasia from the Middle East over 45,000 years ago.
I know that a lot of people have been arguing recently that K-M526 and the derived P-M45 originated and diversified in Southeast Asia, and then migrated north well within the last 45,000 years (for instance, see here). However, considering that K-M526 was already in reindeer country 45,000 years ago, as well as the Denisovan (ancient Siberian hominin) admixture among Southeast Asians, that might well turn out to be the equivalent of arguing that up is down and down is up.
By the way, Ust'-Ishim also belongs to pan-Eurasian mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroup R*, and in terms of genome-wide genetic structure appears roughly intermediate between West and East Eurasians. These outcomes fit very nicely with its Y-haplogroup.
However, it's slightly closer to Mesolithic Iberian genome La Brana-1, Upper Paleolithic Siberian MA-1 (or Mal'ta boy), and present-day East Asians, than to present-day West Eurasians, including Europeans. That's because it lacks "ancestry from a population that did not participate in the initial dispersals of modern humans into Europe and Asia". This is obviously the so called Basal Eurasian admixture discussed in Lazaridis et al. (see here), which is probably associated with early Neolithic farmers.
Also worth mentioning is that Ust'-Ishim harbors longer stretches of Neanderthal chromosomal segments than present-day Eurasians, which suggests that admixture between modern humans and Neanderthals took place in the Middle East not long before the ancestors of Ust-Ishim moved into Siberia (50-60,000 years ago). But this was already covered months ago, and you'll find lots of links on the topic on Google.
Citation...
Qiaomei Fu et al., Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia, Nature 514, 445–449 (23 October 2014) doi:10.1038/nature13810
See also...
Y-haplogroup P1 in Pleistocene Siberia (Sikora et al. 2018 preprint)
207 comments:
«Oldest ‹Older 201 – 207 of 207"how do you reconcile denisova being in ENA on either side of the Brahmaputra, while ANE-WHG West of North India has no Denisova, while the earliest pops deriving from this root that we have unearthed also have no Denisova?"
The Denisova seems to be concentrated now across Wallace's Line but obviously did not originate there. It must have been carried by the early arrivals and may have previously been concentrated in Sundaland. My guess is that its presence in South Asia could well be explained by its having been carried there from SE Asia with the K2b2 movement west from SE Asia. Don't forget, though, that South Asia would not have been uninhabited by that stage, especially when we can be sure that K2's ancestors almost certainly had moved east through the region. As the haplogroup moved back west the population carrying it would have mixed with the earlier population and the Denisova element would have been progressively diluted. The haplogroup would have been carried by the expansion of the new technology (whatever that was) rather than be solely a whole population expansion. Technology is often passed from father to son, or at least from close relations, rather than just spreading through contact alone.
Genetiker has put up a page of Ust-Ishim. Very little Euro, even North-East Euro. I don't understand how it can be equidistant to WHG and ENA as it does show far more ENA affiliation than Euro. It does have quite a lot of Veddic/South Asian which shows up as euro in globe4, if I understand correctly.
http://genetiker.wordpress.com/2014/11/01/analyses-of-the-ust-ishim-genome/
Ust-Ishim is equidistant from WHG and ENA, but not from European-specific ADMIXTURE clusters and East Asian-specific clusters, because the European clusters all carry Basal Eurasian influence.
Other factors to consider
1) if you have three relatively close clusters, for instance, which represent West Eurasian ancestry, Ust-Ishim's affinity to them will be more split between them, while if the same components analysis has only one East Eurasian affinity, he will have more membership in that one than any one of the three West Eurasian components, but not much than all three WE components together.
This is because the ADMIXTURE will be representing that Ust-Ishim is no more or less close to any of the WE subcomponents, and no more or less close to WE than ENA, net of Basal Eurasian as Davidski says.
So it's important not to just look at the largest cluster but at all of them together and how they are related.
2) Another factor is that while Ust Ishim is no closer to any West Eurasian population than another, net of Basal Eurasian or African admixture, this is *only* true when we adjust for overall drift using an outgroup, like Mbuti pygymies.
If you don't adjust for drift, Ust Ishim will naturally end up closer to components, probably like South Asians who have relatively low drift, compared to components with high drifts like Native American. As Ust Ishim is close to the root of the Eurasian tree.
That doesn't mean that those low drift components have more shared ancestry with Ust Ishim exactly, but that they've drifted less far away from the ancestors they share with him.
An exciting paper:
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/11/05/science.aaa0114
This is an exceedingly interesting sample. It's South Asian affinity is even stronger than MA1's shift towards that region (and MA1 is very "South Asian-ish" on most analyses, as well as "Native American-like"). After Northern Europeans, K14 seems to be closest to South Central Asian populations (Pakistanis and Afghans), and especially close to the Kalash and Pashtuns. On the PCA plots, K14 consistently clusters with the HGDP Pakistanis.
I think K14's "Basal Eurasian" admixture, in combination with it's MA1-related ancestry, brings it close to South Central Asians, since South Central Asians are living populations that most closely approximate a "simple" mixture of "Basal Eurasian"+ANE (if South Central Asians didn't have ASI, this would actually be the case, since there is very little WHG ancestry in South Asia).
If you look at the Supplementary Material, f3 and D-statistics, direct measures of closeness, these show K14 is closer to Lithuanians than any other population. Pathans and Kalash have similar relatedness to K14 as Iranians, Druze and Samaritans (i.e. Middle Eastern populations without African admixture).
But K14 is just not very close to Lithuanians. Or anyone. Hence it falls close to the centre in terms of affinity to modern people.
"Chad Rohlfsen said...
Sweet! Maybe this throws out the K2b developing in SE Asia, mess. He could likely be an ancestor to all of us with R and Q. Any chance someone on here wants to look for anything K2b and under?"
@Chad Rohlfsen
I can look:
First of all K2b1 are S and M - Papuans and Melanesians.
As for K2b2 - P* is present in Philippines and Siberia, too and R2 in SW India. So, it seems, that if there are any candidates, then Q might be the only one, who originated in Siberia - rest, just like K2 groups, originated in SE Asia.
@Davidski
There exist Oase 1(K2a*) in Romania, but that doesn't mean, that chinese originated in Europe. Oase belongs to extinct line and so is Ust'-Ishim. The only thing this paper shows is that early people spread quickly and far and in just 15 000 years could circle around Asia and mate with anyone who were present in their way and could settle thousands of km away from their nearest group of relatives.
PS If we have a map that shows situation 45000BP, it would be nice to have it with ice of Ice Age on it or at least mention, that this shows Global warming post Ice Age era map. Anyway - Earth map of 45000BP should have more land mass - in Siberia it should have been extended more to north, than now and should also connect America, also SE Asia should have landbridges, Japan connected to mainland, no Yellow Sea, Andaman islands with remnant D population connected to mainland, Persian Gulf and Red sea nonexistent, land bridges that connects Europe to Africa, etc. etc. It is a really terrible map, that shows only location of remains nowadays and it doesn't help. It just confuses people.
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